17. During the war, government entities promoted rustic hair styles and you will trends for everybody its victims; for girls, quick, bowl-formed haircuts and you may baggy, high-waisted monpe pants (are not used in the country side) was in fact recommended given that gestures away from austerity, modesty and family side help toward full conflict efforts. To own a description and you can studies from wartime shojo depictions when you look at the shojo zasshi, see Imada Erika, 2007, pp. 57–83. Having descriptions out-of wartime manner and you may hairdos to possess mature women, see Wakakuwa, 2000 Wakakuwa, Midori . 2000 . Senso ga tsukuru joseizo: Dai niji sekai taisenka zero Nihon josei doin zero shikakuteki puropaganda, Tokyo : Chikuma gakugei bunko . [Yahoo Student] and you may Atkins, 2005 Atkins, Jacqueline . 2005 . “ Lavishness is the opponent: Trend and you will fabrics from inside the wartime The japanese, during the Jacqueline Atkins ”. In Using propaganda: Textiles towards the house front side during the Japan, Britain, therefore the Us, 1931–1945, 157 – 169 . The Haven and you will London area : Yale School Force . [Google Pupil] .

18. Tanabe, ‘Shojo shosetsu ni muchu datta koro’, out of Bara zero kobeya yori, reprinted in Honda, 1991 Honda, Masuko . 1991 . “ Senjika no shojo zasshi, in Otsuka Eiji ”. From inside the Shojo zasshi ron, Tokyo : Tokyo shoseki . [Google College student] , pp. 36–37.

19. Facts of Young Lawn, brand new translated Japanese label off Louisa Can get Alcott’s Little Females. The fresh name Wakakusa Monogatari is then followed if the film is found within the The japanese inside the 1934; before wrote translations and adjustment out of Alcott’s classic were given additional headings.

20. Other forms off shojo amusement, particularly the fresh Takarazuka Revue, will also have provided a model for the right boy having the style of the new danso zero reijin[beautiful girl when female escort Charlotte NC you look at the men dresses], the latest otokoyaku. Takarazuka not only grown a faithful shojo group of followers through the wartime and you will postwar many years, however, are featured continuously into the shojo zasshi, specifically Shojo no tomo. Having a description and you will historic/anthropological analysis of Takarazuka Revue, look for Robertson, 1998 Robertson, Jennifer . 1998 . [Crossref] , [Yahoo Student] .

21. Dating back to the fresh 1910s, educators and moral advocates considered film theatres since breeding known reasons for the new furyo, otherwise as furyo’s hunting good reasons for the jogakusei victims. Some girls’ schools put strict criteria on youngsters who wanted to sit-in film theatres, otherwise banned attendance downright. Come across Inagaki, 2007 Inagaki, Kyoko . 2007 . Jogakko so you’re able to jogakusei: kyoyo, tashinami, modan bunka, Tokyo : Chuo koron shinsha . [Google Student] , pp. 142–44.

Note: since postcard respondent (or the editor) made use of another type of spelling (Wakagusa as opposed to Wakakusa), the product quality spelling and pronunciation is Wakakusa

twenty two. The personal overtones off revealing a keen umbrella provides prewar and early wartime precedents. Discover Kawabata Yasunari’s short-story, ‘Amagasa’ (Umbrella) out of 1932, which contains a good romantically recharged scene off several youths revealing an enthusiastic umbrella. My personal because of The month of january Bardsley to possess pointing out so it relationship.

23. Look for ‘Civilizing “Degenerate” Students’, in the Ambaras, 2006 Ambaras, David . 2006 . Crappy teens: Teenager delinquency and the government regarding lifestyle inside the progressive Japan, Berkeley and you can La : University regarding Ca Force . [Google Student] , pp. 66–96.

twenty four. The newest percentage changes stands for rates away from 1946–50 in place of 1936–forty (Lunden, 1953 Lunden, Walter A great. 1953 . Teenager delinquency during the The japanese. Pre-war, war, and blog post-conflict age . The newest Log off Criminal Legislation, Criminology, and you can Cops Technology, 44(4): 428 – 432 . November-December [Crossref] , [Bing Scholar] , p. 430).

The only real exception into gender-segregated program of article-top studies from the Meiji period for the wartime months is the new coeducational Tokyo Tunes College [Tokyo ongaku gakko]

seven. I evaluate this type of depictions in more detail on the wartime chapter from inside the my personal dissertation into shojo zasshi:‘All of the Girl’s a period: Representations out-of Womanliness and you can Puberty inside Japanese Girls’ Publications, 1930s-1960s’ (PhD Dissertation, Stanford College or university, 2008).

sixteen. Discover Inagaki, 2007 Inagaki, Kyoko . 2007 . Jogakko to help you jogakusei: kyoyo, tashinami, modan bunka, Tokyo : Chuo koron shinsha . [Yahoo Student] , p. 207.